{"reviewed":"2026-09-24","reviewedByTier":{"national":"2026-09-24","provincial":"2026-09-24","municipal":"2026-09-24","water":"2026-10-01"},"tiers":[{"id":"national","nl":"Landelijk","en":"National","description":{"nl":"Parlement en regering maken samen wetten. De Tweede en Eerste Kamer controleren het bestuur van het land.","en":"Parliament and government make laws together. The House and Senate hold the country’s government to account."},"sections":[{"id":"national-electorate","nl":"Kiezers voor de Tweede Kamer","en":"House electorate","level":"voters","icon":"people","scope":"national","description":{"nl":"Nederlanders vanaf 18 jaar die stemrecht hebben. Dat geldt ook in Caribisch Nederland en, onder voorwaarden, voor Nederlanders in het buitenland.","en":"Dutch citizens aged 18 and over who have the right to vote. This includes the Caribbean Netherlands and, under certain conditions, Dutch citizens abroad."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/stemmen/kiesgerechtigdheid","title":"Kiesgerechtigdheid Tweede Kamer","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"tk","nl":"Tweede Kamer","en":"House of Representatives","level":"representation","icon":"tk","scope":"national","existingInstitutionId":"tk","seats":150,"description":{"nl":"De rechtstreeks gekozen Tweede Kamer controleert ministers en staatssecretarissen en stemt over wetsvoorstellen. Kamerleden kunnen ook zelf voorstellen indienen en wijzigen.","en":"The directly elected House holds ministers and state secretaries to account and votes on bills. Its members can also propose and amend bills."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tweedekamer.nl/zo-werkt-de-kamer/de-tweede-kamer-introductie/wat-doet-de-tweede-kamer","title":"Wat doet de Tweede Kamer?","publisher":"Tweede Kamer"},{"url":"https://www.eerstekamer.nl/staten-generaal/begrip/wie_zijn_de_staten_generaal","title":"Wie zijn de Staten-Generaal?","publisher":"Staten-Generaal"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"ek","nl":"Eerste Kamer","en":"Senate","level":"representation","icon":"ek","scope":"national","existingInstitutionId":"ek","seats":75,"description":{"nl":"De indirect gekozen Eerste Kamer beoordeelt wetsvoorstellen die de Tweede Kamer heeft aangenomen. Ze kan die goedkeuren of afwijzen, maar niet wijzigen. Ze controleert ook het regeringsbeleid.","en":"The indirectly elected Senate reviews bills passed by the House. It can approve or reject them, but cannot amend them. It also scrutinises government policy."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/wat_doet_de_eerste_kamer","title":"Wat doet de Eerste Kamer?","publisher":"Eerste Kamer"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer","title":"Eerste Kamerverkiezing","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"senate-electoral-college-voters","nl":"Kiescollegekiezers","en":"Electoral-college voters","level":"voters","icon":"people","scope":"electoral-route","description":{"nl":"Kiesgerechtigde Nederlanders op Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba, en geregistreerde kiesgerechtigde Nederlanders buiten Nederland.","en":"Eligible Dutch voters on Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, and registered eligible Dutch voters outside the Netherlands."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/kiescolleges","title":"Kiescolleges Eerste Kamer","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"senate-electoral-colleges","nl":"Kiescolleges Eerste Kamer","en":"Senate electoral colleges","level":"representation","icon":"committee","scope":"electoral-route","description":{"nl":"Er zijn vier kiescolleges: voor Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba en niet-ingezetenen (Nederlanders in het buitenland). Hun leden kiezen samen met Statenleden de Eerste Kamer.","en":"There are four electoral colleges: for Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba and non-residents (Dutch citizens abroad). Their members elect the Senate together with provincial councillors."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/kiescolleges","title":"Kiescolleges Eerste Kamer","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer","title":"Eerste Kamerverkiezing","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"government","nl":"Regering","en":"Government","level":"executive","icon":"az","scope":"national","description":{"nl":"De Koning en alle ministers vormen samen de regering. De ministers leggen politieke verantwoording af, ook voor het handelen van de Koning.","en":"The King and all ministers together form the government. Ministers are politically accountable, including for the King’s actions."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/koninklijk-huis/rol-van-het-staatshoofd/ministeriele-verantwoordelijkheid","title":"Ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid","publisher":"Het Koninklijk Huis"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"cabinet","nl":"Kabinet","en":"Cabinet","level":"executive","icon":"cabinet","scope":"national","existingInstitutionId":"cabinet","description":{"nl":"Alle ministers en staatssecretarissen. De Koning behoort niet tot het kabinet. Alleen de ministers vormen de ministerraad.","en":"All ministers and state secretaries. The King is not part of the cabinet. The Council of Ministers consists only of ministers."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"king","nl":"Koning","en":"King","level":"executive","icon":"crown","scope":"national","description":{"nl":"Willem-Alexander is Koning sinds 30 april 2013. Ministers leggen verantwoording af over zijn handelen als staatshoofd.","en":"Willem-Alexander has been King since 30 April 2013. Ministers are accountable for his actions as head of state."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/leden-koninklijk-huis/koning-willem-alexander","title":"Koning Willem-Alexander","publisher":"Het Koninklijk Huis"},{"url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/koninklijk-huis/rol-van-het-staatshoofd/ministeriele-verantwoordelijkheid","title":"Ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid","publisher":"Het Koninklijk Huis"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"ministers","nl":"Ministers","en":"Ministers","level":"executive","icon":"szw","scope":"national","description":{"nl":"Ministers zijn verantwoordelijk voor hun beleid en leggen daarover verantwoording af aan het parlement. Ook de minister-president is minister. Zij horen bij zowel regering als kabinet.","en":"Ministers are responsible for their policies and answer to Parliament. The prime minister is also a minister. They belong to both the government and the cabinet."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/regering/over-de-regering","title":"Over de regering","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"state-secretaries","nl":"Staatssecretarissen","en":"State secretaries","level":"executive","icon":"profile","scope":"national","description":{"nl":"Staatssecretarissen krijgen een eigen taakgebied van hun minister. Ze horen bij het kabinet, maar niet bij de regering of de ministerraad.","en":"State secretaries have responsibilities assigned by their minister. They belong to the cabinet, but not to the government or the Council of Ministers."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/regering/over-de-regering","title":"Over de regering","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"}]},{"id":"provincial","nl":"Provinciaal","en":"Provincial","description":{"nl":"Elke provincie heeft een gekozen volksvertegenwoordiging en een dagelijks bestuur. Samen zorgen zij voor het provinciale beleid.","en":"Each province has an elected council and an executive. Together, they shape and carry out provincial policy."},"sections":[{"id":"provincial-electorate","nl":"Kiezers in de provincie","en":"Provincial electorate","level":"voters","icon":"people","scope":"per-province","description":{"nl":"Kiesgerechtigde inwoners van de provincie met de Nederlandse nationaliteit, vanaf 18 jaar.","en":"Eligible residents of the province with Dutch citizenship, aged 18 and over."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/provinciale-staten/stemmen/kiesgerechtigdheid","title":"Kiesgerechtigdheid Provinciale Staten","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"provincial-states","nl":"Provinciale Staten","en":"Provincial council","level":"representation","icon":"tk","scope":"per-province","description":{"nl":"Statenleden bepalen de hoofdlijnen van het provinciale beleid en controleren Gedeputeerde Staten. Ze kiezen ook mee voor de Eerste Kamer.","en":"Provincial councillors set policy priorities and hold the provincial executive to account. They also help elect the Senate."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/provinciale-staten","title":"Provinciale Staten","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/provinciale-staten","title":"Provinciale Statenverkiezingen","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"provincial-executive","nl":"Gedeputeerde Staten","en":"Provincial executive","level":"executive","icon":"cabinet","scope":"per-province","description":{"nl":"Gedeputeerden en de commissaris van de Koning vormen samen het dagelijks provinciebestuur. Ze bereiden besluiten voor en voeren die uit.","en":"Provincial executive members and the King’s commissioner run the province’s day-to-day administration. They prepare and carry out decisions."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/gedeputeerden","title":"Gedeputeerden","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"provincial-executives","nl":"Gedeputeerden","en":"Provincial executive members","level":"executive","icon":"szw","scope":"per-province","description":{"nl":"Provinciale Staten benoemen de gedeputeerden. Ieder heeft eigen beleidstaken. Gedeputeerden zijn tijdens hun functie geen Statenlid.","en":"The provincial council appoints executive members, each with their own policy responsibilities. They cannot hold a council seat at the same time."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/gedeputeerden","title":"Gedeputeerden","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"kings-commissioner","nl":"Commissaris van de Koning","en":"King’s commissioner","level":"executive","icon":"profile","scope":"per-province","description":{"nl":"De commissaris zit Provinciale Staten en Gedeputeerde Staten voor en is lid van het dagelijks bestuur. Een reguliere benoeming gebeurt bij koninklijk besluit, voor zes jaar.","en":"The commissioner chairs both the provincial council and executive, and is a member of the executive. A regular appointment is made by royal decree for six years."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/commissaris-van-de-koning","title":"Commissaris van de Koning","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.politiekeambtsdragers.nl/ambt-in-praktijk/benoemingen/commissaris-van-de-koning","title":"Benoeming en herbenoeming commissaris van de Koning","publisher":"Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"}]},{"id":"municipal","nl":"Gemeentelijk","en":"Municipal","description":{"nl":"De gemeenteraad en het college van B&W nemen besluiten voor de gemeente. Ze hebben eigen bevoegdheden en voeren ook landelijke wetten uit.","en":"The municipal council and executive make decisions for their municipality. They have local powers and also carry out duties under national law."},"sections":[{"id":"municipal-electorate","nl":"Kiezers in de gemeente","en":"Municipal electorate","level":"voters","icon":"people","scope":"per-municipality","description":{"nl":"Kiesgerechtigde inwoners vanaf 18 jaar: Nederlanders, EU-burgers en andere inwoners die aan de wettelijke verblijfsvoorwaarden voldoen.","en":"Eligible residents aged 18 and over: Dutch and EU citizens, and other residents meeting the statutory residence conditions."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/gemeenteraden/stemmen/kiesgerechtigdheid","title":"Kiesgerechtigdheid gemeenteraad","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/gemeenteraden/stemmen/niet-nederlandse-inwoners","title":"Niet-Nederlandse inwoners","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"municipal-council","nl":"Gemeenteraad","en":"Municipal council","level":"representation","icon":"tk","scope":"per-municipality","description":{"nl":"Raadsleden bepalen het gemeentelijke beleid, stellen lokale regels en de begroting vast en controleren het college van B&W.","en":"Councillors set local policy, rules and the budget, and hold the municipal executive to account."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/raadsleden","title":"Raadsleden","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"municipal-executive","nl":"College van B&W","en":"Municipal executive","level":"executive","icon":"cabinet","scope":"per-municipality","description":{"nl":"De burgemeester en wethouders vormen samen het college van B&W. Ze besturen de gemeente en voeren besluiten van de raad en wettelijke taken uit.","en":"The mayor and aldermen form the municipal executive. They run the municipality and carry out council decisions and legal duties."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/wethouders","title":"Wethouders","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/burgemeesters","title":"Burgemeesters","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"aldermen","nl":"Wethouders","en":"Aldermen","level":"executive","icon":"szw","scope":"per-municipality","description":{"nl":"De gemeenteraad benoemt de wethouders. Iedere wethouder heeft eigen beleidstaken en legt daarover verantwoording af aan de raad.","en":"The council appoints aldermen. Each has their own policy responsibilities and answers to the council."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/wethouders","title":"Wethouders","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"mayor","nl":"Burgemeester","en":"Mayor","level":"executive","icon":"profile","scope":"per-municipality","description":{"nl":"De burgemeester leidt de vergaderingen van raad en college en heeft eigen taken voor de openbare orde. De burgemeester is lid van het college, maar niet van de raad.","en":"The mayor chairs council and executive meetings and has responsibilities for public order. The mayor is a member of the executive, but not of the council."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/burgemeesters","title":"Burgemeesters","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"}]},{"id":"water","nl":"Waterschappen","en":"Water boards","description":{"nl":"De 21 waterschappen zorgen voor veilige dijken, schoon water en voldoende water. Ze regelen de waterstand en zuiveren afvalwater, met een eigen bestuur en eigen belastingen.","en":"The 21 water boards maintain flood defences and manage clean and sufficient water. They regulate water levels and treat wastewater, with their own boards and taxes."},"sections":[{"id":"water-electorate","nl":"Kiezers in het waterschap","en":"Water-board voters","level":"voters","icon":"people","scope":"per-water-board","description":{"nl":"Inwoners vanaf 18 jaar met stemrecht kiezen iedere vier jaar. Nederlanders, EU-burgers en andere inwoners met een geldige verblijfsvergunning kunnen stemmen.","en":"Residents aged 18 and over who have the right to vote elect representatives every four years. Dutch citizens, EU citizens and other residents with a valid residence permit can vote."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/waterschappen/stemmen/kiesgerechtigdheid","title":"Kiesgerechtigdheid waterschapsverkiezingen","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/bestuurlijke-organisatie/","title":"Bestuurlijke organisatie","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-general-board","nl":"Algemeen bestuur","en":"General board","level":"representation","icon":"committee","scope":"per-water-board","description":{"nl":"Het algemeen bestuur bepaalt het waterbeleid, de begroting en de belastingen. Het controleert het dagelijks bestuur. De meeste leden zijn gekozen; vier leden bezetten een geborgde zetel.","en":"The general board decides water policy, the budget and taxes. It scrutinises the executive board. Most members are elected; four members hold reserved seats."},"sources":[{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/bestuurlijke-organisatie/","title":"Bestuurlijke organisatie","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/geborgde-zetels/","title":"Geborgde zetels","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-reserved-seats","nl":"Geborgde zetels","en":"Reserved seats","level":"representation","icon":"lvvn","scope":"per-water-board","seats":4,"description":{"nl":"Binnen het algemeen bestuur zijn twee zetels voor landbouw en twee voor natuurbeheer. Hun belangenorganisaties benoemen deze leden. Deze verdeling geldt sinds de verkiezingen van 2023.","en":"Within the general board, two seats represent agriculture and two represent nature management. Their representative organisations appoint these members. This allocation has applied since the 2023 elections."},"sources":[{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/geborgde-zetels/","title":"Geborgde zetels","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/wet-geborgde-zetels-per-17-december-van-kracht/","title":"Wet geborgde zetels per 17 december van kracht","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-executive","nl":"Dagelijks bestuur","en":"Executive board","level":"executive","icon":"cabinet","scope":"per-water-board","description":{"nl":"De dijkgraaf en de andere dagelijks bestuurders bereiden besluiten voor en voeren het beleid uit. Het algemeen bestuur benoemt de andere leden, meestal uit zijn eigen midden.","en":"The chair and other executive members prepare decisions and carry out policy. The general board appoints the other members, usually from among its own members."},"sources":[{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/bestuurlijke-organisatie/","title":"Bestuurlijke organisatie","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Waterbesturen_TG_def.pdf","title":"Water besturen — Het Nederlandse waterschapsmodel","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-chair","nl":"Dijkgraaf / watergraaf","en":"Water-board chair","level":"executive","icon":"mayor","scope":"per-water-board","description":{"nl":"De dijkgraaf of watergraaf leidt beide besturen. De regering benoemt deze voorzitter voor zes jaar. De voorzitter heeft stemrecht in het dagelijks bestuur, maar is geen lid van het algemeen bestuur.","en":"The dijkgraaf or watergraaf chairs both boards. The government appoints this chair for six years. The chair votes in the executive board but is not a member of the general board."},"sources":[{"url":"https://waterschappen.nl/beroepen/dijkgraaf/","title":"De dijkgraaf: het gezicht van een waterschap","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/klimaat-milieu-en-natuur/waterschappen/bestuur-van-een-waterschap","title":"Bestuur van een waterschap","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"}]}],"relations":[{"id":"elect-house","from":"national-electorate","to":"tk","type":"direct-election","nl":"Kiezen","en":"Elect","description":{"nl":"Kiezers kiezen rechtstreeks de 150 Kamerleden.","en":"Voters directly elect the 150 House members."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Kiezers kiezen niet rechtstreeks een kabinet of minister-president.","en":"Voters do not directly elect a cabinet or prime minister."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tweedekamer.nl/zo-werkt-de-kamer/de-tweede-kamer-introductie/wat-doet-de-tweede-kamer","title":"Wat doet de Tweede Kamer?","publisher":"Tweede Kamer"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/stemmen/kiesgerechtigdheid","title":"Kiesgerechtigdheid Tweede Kamer","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/koninklijk-huis/rol-van-het-staatshoofd/kabinetsformatie","title":"Kabinetsformatie","publisher":"Het Koninklijk Huis"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"elect-provincial-council","from":"provincial-electorate","to":"provincial-states","type":"direct-election","nl":"Kiezen","en":"Elect","description":{"nl":"Inwoners die kiesgerechtigd zijn kiezen doorgaans iedere vier jaar de Statenleden van hun provincie.","en":"Eligible residents normally elect their province’s councillors every four years."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Geldt binnen dezelfde provincie.","en":"Applies within the same province."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/provinciale-staten","title":"Provinciale Statenverkiezingen","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/provinciale-staten/stemmen/kiesgerechtigdheid","title":"Kiesgerechtigdheid Provinciale Staten","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"elect-municipal-council","from":"municipal-electorate","to":"municipal-council","type":"direct-election","nl":"Kiezen","en":"Elect","description":{"nl":"Kiesgerechtigde inwoners kiezen de gemeenteraad; normaal iedere vier jaar, met uitzonderingen bij herindeling.","en":"Eligible residents elect the municipal council, normally every four years, with exceptions for municipal reorganisations."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Geldt binnen dezelfde gemeente.","en":"Applies within the same municipality."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/raadsleden","title":"Raadsleden","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/gemeenteraden","title":"Gemeenteraadsverkiezingen","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"elect-senate-colleges","from":"senate-electoral-college-voters","to":"senate-electoral-colleges","type":"direct-election","nl":"Kiezen hun kiescollege","en":"Elect their college","description":{"nl":"Kiezers kiezen het college voor hun eiland of het college niet-ingezetenen.","en":"Voters elect their island’s college or the non-resident electoral college."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Elk kiescollege heeft een eigen verkiezing. De colleges op de eilanden staan los van de eilandsraden.","en":"Each college has its own election. The island electoral colleges are separate from the island councils."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/kiescolleges","title":"Kiescolleges Eerste Kamer","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"provincial-councils-elect-senate","from":"provincial-states","to":"ek","type":"indirect-election","nl":"Kiezen met gewogen stemmen","en":"Elect through weighted votes","description":{"nl":"Leden van alle twaalf Provinciale Staten stemmen voor de Eerste Kamer.","en":"Members of all twelve provincial councils vote in Senate elections."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Statenleden en kiescollegeleden stemmen samen. Hun stemmen tellen met verschillende gewichten mee.","en":"Provincial councillors and electoral-college members vote together. Their votes carry different weights."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer","title":"Eerste Kamerverkiezing","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer/uitslagen/stemwaarde","title":"Stemwaarde Eerste Kamerverkiezing","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"electoral-colleges-elect-senate","from":"senate-electoral-colleges","to":"ek","type":"indirect-election","nl":"Kiezen met gewogen stemmen","en":"Elect through weighted votes","description":{"nl":"De vier kiescolleges nemen naast Provinciale Staten deel aan dezelfde Eerste Kamerverkiezing.","en":"The four electoral colleges participate alongside provincial councils in the same Senate election."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Sinds 2023 omvat deze route ook het college niet-ingezetenen; ieder college heeft een eigen stemwaarde.","en":"Since 2023 this route also includes the non-resident college; each college has its own vote weight."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer","title":"Eerste Kamerverkiezing","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/kiescolleges","title":"Kiescolleges Eerste Kamer","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer/uitslagen/stemwaarde","title":"Stemwaarde Eerste Kamerverkiezing","publisher":"Kiesraad"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"house-scrutinises-cabinet","from":"tk","to":"cabinet","type":"scrutiny","nl":"Controleert","en":"Scrutinises","description":{"nl":"Ministers en staatssecretarissen leggen verantwoording af aan de Tweede Kamer.","en":"Ministers and state secretaries are accountable to the House."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Parlementaire controle is geen lidmaatschap van het kabinet en geen benoeming van bewindspersonen.","en":"Parliamentary scrutiny is neither cabinet membership nor appointment of its officeholders."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.eerstekamer.nl/staten-generaal/begrip/wie_zijn_de_staten_generaal","title":"Wie zijn de Staten-Generaal?","publisher":"Staten-Generaal"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"senate-scrutinises-cabinet","from":"ek","to":"cabinet","type":"scrutiny","nl":"Controleert","en":"Scrutinises","description":{"nl":"Ook ministers en staatssecretarissen leggen verantwoording af aan de Eerste Kamer. Die kijkt vooral naar de hoofdlijnen en samenhang van het beleid.","en":"Ministers and state secretaries also answer to the Senate, which looks at the main principles and coherence of policy."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Beide Kamers controleren het kabinet, ieder met eigen bevoegdheden.","en":"Both chambers hold the cabinet to account, each with its own powers."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/wat_doet_de_eerste_kamer","title":"Wat doet de Eerste Kamer?","publisher":"Eerste Kamer"},{"url":"https://www.eerstekamer.nl/staten-generaal/begrip/wie_zijn_de_staten_generaal","title":"Wie zijn de Staten-Generaal?","publisher":"Staten-Generaal"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"government-proposes-legislation","from":"government","to":"tk","type":"legislative-proposal","nl":"Dient wetsvoorstellen in","en":"Introduces bills","description":{"nl":"Regeringsvoorstellen worden eerst door de Tweede Kamer behandeld.","en":"Government bills are considered first by the House."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Tweede Kamerleden kunnen ook zelf een wetsvoorstel indienen.","en":"House members can also introduce their own bills."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tweedekamer.nl/zo-werkt-de-kamer/de-tweede-kamer-introductie/wat-doet-de-tweede-kamer","title":"Wat doet de Tweede Kamer?","publisher":"Tweede Kamer"},{"url":"https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/wat_doet_de_eerste_kamer","title":"Wat doet de Eerste Kamer?","publisher":"Eerste Kamer"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"house-bills-to-senate","from":"tk","to":"ek","type":"legislative-review","nl":"Aangenomen wetsvoorstellen","en":"Passed bills","description":{"nl":"Na aanvaarding door de Tweede Kamer beoordeelt de Eerste Kamer het wetsvoorstel.","en":"After House approval, the Senate considers the bill."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De Eerste Kamer kan het voorstel aannemen of verwerpen, maar niet wijzigen.","en":"The Senate can approve or reject the bill, but cannot amend it."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/wat_doet_de_eerste_kamer","title":"Wat doet de Eerste Kamer?","publisher":"Eerste Kamer"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"king-in-government","from":"king","to":"government","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"De Koning behoort tot de regering.","en":"The King is part of the government."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De Koning behoort niet tot het kabinet. Ministers zijn politiek verantwoordelijk voor zijn handelen.","en":"The King is not a cabinet member. Ministers are politically responsible for his acts."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/koninklijk-huis/rol-van-het-staatshoofd/ministeriele-verantwoordelijkheid","title":"Ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid","publisher":"Het Koninklijk Huis"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"ministers-in-government","from":"ministers","to":"government","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"Alle ministers vormen met de Koning de regering.","en":"All ministers form the government together with the King."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Samenstelling van een orgaan; geen verkiezing of gezagsverhouding.","en":"Composition of a body; not an election or a chain of authority."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"ministers-in-cabinet","from":"ministers","to":"cabinet","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"Alle ministers behoren ook tot het kabinet.","en":"All ministers also belong to the cabinet."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Samenstelling van een orgaan; geen verkiezing of gezagsverhouding.","en":"Composition of a body; not an election or a chain of authority."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"state-secretaries-in-cabinet","from":"state-secretaries","to":"cabinet","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"Staatssecretarissen behoren tot het kabinet.","en":"State secretaries belong to the cabinet."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Zij maken geen deel uit van de regering of ministerraad. Aanwezigheid in de ministerraad geeft hun geen stemrecht.","en":"They are not members of the government or Council of Ministers. Attendance at the Council of Ministers gives them no vote."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/regering/over-de-regering","title":"Over de regering","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/vraag-en-antwoord/rijksoverheid/wat-is-de-regering-en-wat-is-het-kabinet","title":"Regering, kabinet en ministerraad: wat zijn de verschillen?","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"royal-appointment-ministers","from":"king","to":"ministers","type":"royal-appointment","nl":"Benoeming bij koninklijk besluit","en":"Appointment by royal decree","description":{"nl":"Na de formatie tekenen de Koning en de minister-president de benoemingsbesluiten van ministers.","en":"After cabinet formation, the King and prime minister sign ministers’ appointment decrees."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De Tweede Kamer leidt het formatieproces.","en":"The House leads the cabinet formation process."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/koninklijk-huis/rol-van-het-staatshoofd/kabinetsformatie","title":"Kabinetsformatie","publisher":"Het Koninklijk Huis"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"royal-appointment-state-secretaries","from":"king","to":"state-secretaries","type":"royal-appointment","nl":"Benoeming bij koninklijk besluit","en":"Appointment by royal decree","description":{"nl":"Ook staatssecretarissen worden bij koninklijk besluit benoemd en leggen de eed of belofte af.","en":"State secretaries are also appointed by royal decree and take an oath or affirmation."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De verantwoordelijke ministers ondertekenen het besluit ook.","en":"The responsible ministers also sign the decree."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/koninklijk-huis/rol-van-het-staatshoofd/kabinetsformatie","title":"Kabinetsformatie","publisher":"Het Koninklijk Huis"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"appoint-provincial-executives","from":"provincial-states","to":"provincial-executives","type":"appointment","nl":"Benoemen","en":"Appoint","description":{"nl":"Provinciale Staten benoemen de gedeputeerden.","en":"The provincial council appoints provincial executive members."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Voor de commissaris van de Koning geldt een aparte benoemingsprocedure.","en":"The King’s commissioner follows a separate appointment process."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/gedeputeerden","title":"Gedeputeerden","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"provincial-council-scrutiny","from":"provincial-states","to":"provincial-executive","type":"scrutiny","nl":"Controleren","en":"Scrutinise","description":{"nl":"Provinciale Staten controleren het dagelijks bestuur van hun provincie.","en":"The provincial council scrutinises its province’s executive."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Geldt binnen dezelfde provincie.","en":"Applies within the same province."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/provinciale-staten","title":"Provinciale Staten","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"provincial-executives-in-board","from":"provincial-executives","to":"provincial-executive","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"Gedeputeerden behoren tot het college van Gedeputeerde Staten.","en":"Provincial executive members belong to the provincial executive board."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Samenstelling van een orgaan; geen verkiezing of gezagsverhouding.","en":"Composition of a body; not an election or a chain of authority."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/gedeputeerden","title":"Gedeputeerden","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"commissioner-in-board","from":"kings-commissioner","to":"provincial-executive","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"De commissaris van de Koning is lid van Gedeputeerde Staten.","en":"The King’s commissioner is a member of the provincial executive."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Samenstelling van een orgaan; geen verkiezing of gezagsverhouding.","en":"Composition of a body; not an election or a chain of authority."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/commissaris-van-de-koning","title":"Commissaris van de Koning","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"commissioner-chairs-board","from":"kings-commissioner","to":"provincial-executive","type":"chair","nl":"Zit voor","en":"Chairs","description":{"nl":"De commissaris leidt de vergaderingen van Gedeputeerde Staten.","en":"The commissioner chairs provincial executive meetings."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Geldt binnen dezelfde provincie.","en":"Applies within the same province."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/commissaris-van-de-koning","title":"Commissaris van de Koning","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"commissioner-chairs-council","from":"kings-commissioner","to":"provincial-states","type":"chair","nl":"Zit voor","en":"Chairs","description":{"nl":"De commissaris is ook voorzitter van Provinciale Staten.","en":"The commissioner also chairs the provincial council."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De commissaris leidt de vergadering, maar is geen gekozen Statenlid.","en":"The commissioner chairs the meeting but is not an elected councillor."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/provincies/commissaris-van-de-koning","title":"Commissaris van de Koning","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"recommend-commissioner","from":"provincial-states","to":"kings-commissioner","type":"recommendation","nl":"Bevelen kandidaat aan","en":"Recommend a candidate","description":{"nl":"Provinciale Staten sturen hun aanbeveling voor de commissaris naar de minister van BZK.","en":"The provincial council sends its recommended candidates for commissioner to the interior minister."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De minister draagt vervolgens een kandidaat voor aan de Koning.","en":"The minister then nominates a candidate to the King."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.politiekeambtsdragers.nl/ambt-in-praktijk/benoemingen/commissaris-van-de-koning","title":"Benoeming en herbenoeming commissaris van de Koning","publisher":"Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"crown-appoints-commissioner","from":"government","to":"kings-commissioner","type":"royal-appointment","nl":"Benoemt via de Kroon","en":"Appoints through the Crown","description":{"nl":"De Koning en de minister tekenen het besluit voor een reguliere benoeming van zes jaar.","en":"The King and the minister sign the decree for a regular six-year appointment."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De Kroon bestaat hier uit de Koning en de verantwoordelijke minister. Zij besluiten na de aanbeveling van Provinciale Staten.","en":"Here, the Crown means the King and the responsible minister. They decide after the provincial council’s recommendation."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.politiekeambtsdragers.nl/ambt-in-praktijk/benoemingen/commissaris-van-de-koning","title":"Benoeming en herbenoeming commissaris van de Koning","publisher":"Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"appoint-aldermen","from":"municipal-council","to":"aldermen","type":"appointment","nl":"Benoemt","en":"Appoints","description":{"nl":"De gemeenteraad benoemt de wethouders.","en":"The municipal council appoints aldermen."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Voor de burgemeester geldt een aparte benoemingsprocedure.","en":"The mayor follows a separate appointment process."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/wethouders","title":"Wethouders","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"municipal-council-scrutiny","from":"municipal-council","to":"municipal-executive","type":"scrutiny","nl":"Controleert","en":"Scrutinises","description":{"nl":"De gemeenteraad controleert het college van burgemeester en wethouders.","en":"The municipal council scrutinises the mayor and aldermen as the executive."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Geldt binnen dezelfde gemeente.","en":"Applies within the same municipality."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/raadsleden","title":"Raadsleden","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/burgemeesters","title":"Burgemeesters","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"aldermen-in-board","from":"aldermen","to":"municipal-executive","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"De wethouders zijn lid van het college van B&W.","en":"Aldermen are members of the municipal executive."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Samenstelling van een orgaan; geen verkiezing of gezagsverhouding.","en":"Composition of a body; not an election or a chain of authority."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/wethouders","title":"Wethouders","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"mayor-in-board","from":"mayor","to":"municipal-executive","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"De burgemeester is lid van het college van B&W.","en":"The mayor is a member of the municipal executive."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Samenstelling van een orgaan; geen verkiezing of gezagsverhouding.","en":"Composition of a body; not an election or a chain of authority."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/burgemeesters","title":"Burgemeesters","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"mayor-chairs-board","from":"mayor","to":"municipal-executive","type":"chair","nl":"Zit voor","en":"Chairs","description":{"nl":"De burgemeester is voorzitter van het college van B&W.","en":"The mayor chairs the municipal executive."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Geldt binnen dezelfde gemeente.","en":"Applies within the same municipality."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/burgemeesters","title":"Burgemeesters","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"mayor-chairs-council","from":"mayor","to":"municipal-council","type":"chair","nl":"Zit voor","en":"Chairs","description":{"nl":"De burgemeester is ook voorzitter van de gemeenteraad.","en":"The mayor also chairs the municipal council."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De burgemeester is geen raadslid en heeft in de raad geen stemrecht.","en":"The mayor is not a councillor and has no vote in the council."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/burgemeesters","title":"Burgemeesters","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"recommend-mayor","from":"municipal-council","to":"mayor","type":"recommendation","nl":"Beveelt kandidaat aan","en":"Recommends a candidate","description":{"nl":"De gemeenteraad stelt een aanbeveling vast en stuurt deze aan de minister van BZK.","en":"The council adopts a recommendation and sends it to the interior minister."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De commissaris begeleidt de procedure; de benoeming volgt bij koninklijk besluit.","en":"The commissioner oversees the process; appointment follows by royal decree."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.politiekeambtsdragers.nl/ambt-in-praktijk/benoemingen/burgemeesters","title":"Kroonbenoeming burgemeester","publisher":"Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"crown-appoints-mayor","from":"government","to":"mayor","type":"royal-appointment","nl":"Benoemt via de Kroon","en":"Appoints through the Crown","description":{"nl":"Een reguliere burgemeester wordt op aanbeveling van de raad bij koninklijk besluit benoemd voor zes jaar.","en":"A regular mayor is appointed for six years by royal decree following the council’s recommendation."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De Kroon bestaat hier uit de Koning en de minister van BZK. Een waarnemend burgemeester kan door de commissaris worden benoemd.","en":"Here, the Crown means the King and the interior minister. The commissioner may appoint an acting mayor."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/gemeenten/burgemeesters","title":"Burgemeesters","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://www.politiekeambtsdragers.nl/ambt-in-praktijk/benoemingen/burgemeesters","title":"Kroonbenoeming burgemeester","publisher":"Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties"}],"reviewed":"2026-09-24"},{"id":"elect-water-general-board","from":"water-electorate","to":"water-general-board","type":"direct-election","nl":"Kiezen","en":"Elect","description":{"nl":"Kiezers kiezen de inwonersvertegenwoordigers in het algemeen bestuur.","en":"Voters elect the residents’ representatives on the general board."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Vier zetels worden via benoeming ingevuld.","en":"Four seats are filled by appointment."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/waterschappen/stemmen/kiesgerechtigdheid","title":"Kiesgerechtigdheid waterschapsverkiezingen","publisher":"Kiesraad"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/bestuurlijke-organisatie/","title":"Bestuurlijke organisatie","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/geborgde-zetels/","title":"Geborgde zetels","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"reserved-in-water-general-board","from":"water-reserved-seats","to":"water-general-board","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"De vier benoemde leden zitten samen met de gekozen leden in het algemeen bestuur.","en":"The four appointed members serve alongside elected members on the general board."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Twee zetels voor landbouw en twee voor natuurbeheer.","en":"Two seats for agriculture and two for nature management."},"sources":[{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/geborgde-zetels/","title":"Geborgde zetels","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"appoint-water-executive","from":"water-general-board","to":"water-executive","type":"appointment","nl":"Benoemt dagelijks bestuurders","en":"Appoints executive members","description":{"nl":"Het algemeen bestuur benoemt de dagelijks bestuurders, behalve de voorzitter.","en":"The general board appoints the executive members other than the chair."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De voorzitter heeft een eigen benoemingsprocedure.","en":"The chair has a separate appointment process."},"sources":[{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/bestuurlijke-organisatie/","title":"Bestuurlijke organisatie","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Waterbesturen_TG_def.pdf","title":"Water besturen — Het Nederlandse waterschapsmodel","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-general-board-scrutiny","from":"water-general-board","to":"water-executive","type":"scrutiny","nl":"Controleert","en":"Scrutinises","description":{"nl":"Het algemeen bestuur controleert of het dagelijks bestuur het beleid goed uitvoert.","en":"The general board checks how the executive board carries out policy."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Geldt binnen hetzelfde waterschap.","en":"Applies within the same water board."},"sources":[{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/themas/bestuurlijke-organisatie/","title":"Bestuurlijke organisatie","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-chair-general-board","from":"water-chair","to":"water-general-board","type":"chair","nl":"Zit voor","en":"Chairs","description":{"nl":"De voorzitter leidt de vergadering van het algemeen bestuur zonder stemrecht.","en":"The chair leads general-board meetings without a vote."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De voorzitter is geen lid van het algemeen bestuur.","en":"The chair is not a general-board member."},"sources":[{"url":"https://waterschappen.nl/beroepen/dijkgraaf/","title":"De dijkgraaf: het gezicht van een waterschap","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/klimaat-milieu-en-natuur/waterschappen/bestuur-van-een-waterschap","title":"Bestuur van een waterschap","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-chair-executive","from":"water-chair","to":"water-executive","type":"chair","nl":"Zit voor","en":"Chairs","description":{"nl":"De voorzitter leidt het dagelijks bestuur en heeft daar stemrecht.","en":"The chair leads the executive board and has a vote there."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De voorzitter is ook lid van het dagelijks bestuur.","en":"The chair is also an executive-board member."},"sources":[{"url":"https://waterschappen.nl/beroepen/dijkgraaf/","title":"De dijkgraaf: het gezicht van een waterschap","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/klimaat-milieu-en-natuur/waterschappen/bestuur-van-een-waterschap","title":"Bestuur van een waterschap","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"recommend-water-chair","from":"water-general-board","to":"water-chair","type":"recommendation","nl":"Beveelt kandidaat aan","en":"Recommends a candidate","description":{"nl":"Het algemeen bestuur beveelt een kandidaat aan voor de benoeming tot voorzitter.","en":"The general board recommends a candidate for appointment as chair."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De regering beslist over de benoeming.","en":"The government decides the appointment."},"sources":[{"url":"https://waterschappen.nl/beroepen/dijkgraaf/","title":"De dijkgraaf: het gezicht van een waterschap","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/handreiking-voor-herbenoeming-waterschapsvoorzitters-gepubliceerd/","title":"Handreiking voor (her)benoeming waterschapsvoorzitters gepubliceerd","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"appoint-water-chair","from":"government","to":"water-chair","type":"royal-appointment","nl":"Benoemt voor zes jaar","en":"Appoints for six years","description":{"nl":"De regering benoemt de voorzitter bij koninklijk besluit voor zes jaar.","en":"The government appoints the chair by royal decree for six years."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"Het algemeen bestuur draagt een kandidaat voor.","en":"The general board recommends a candidate."},"sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/klimaat-milieu-en-natuur/waterschappen/bestuur-van-een-waterschap","title":"Bestuur van een waterschap","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Waterbesturen_TG_def.pdf","title":"Water besturen — Het Nederlandse waterschapsmodel","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://unievanwaterschappen.nl/handreiking-voor-herbenoeming-waterschapsvoorzitters-gepubliceerd/","title":"Handreiking voor (her)benoeming waterschapsvoorzitters gepubliceerd","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"},{"id":"water-chair-in-executive","from":"water-chair","to":"water-executive","type":"membership","nl":"Onderdeel van","en":"Part of","description":{"nl":"De voorzitter is lid van het dagelijks bestuur.","en":"The chair is a member of the executive board."},"scopeClarification":{"nl":"De voorzitter heeft stemrecht in het dagelijks bestuur.","en":"The chair has a vote in the executive board."},"sources":[{"url":"https://waterschappen.nl/beroepen/dijkgraaf/","title":"De dijkgraaf: het gezicht van een waterschap","publisher":"Unie van Waterschappen"},{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/klimaat-milieu-en-natuur/waterschappen/bestuur-van-een-waterschap","title":"Bestuur van een waterschap","publisher":"Rijksoverheid"}],"reviewed":"2026-10-01"}]}